Deuterated idebenone

ABSTRACT

The present invention in one embodiment provides a compound of Formula I: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the variables shown in Formula I are as defined in the specification.

RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/414,039, filed on Jan. 9, 2015, which is the U.S. National Stage of International Application No. PCT/US2013/050302, filed on Jul. 12, 2013, published in English, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/670,716, filed on Jul. 12, 2012. The entire teachings of the above application(s) are incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Many current medicines suffer from poor absorption, distribution, metabolism and/or excretion (ADME) properties that prevent their wider use or limit their use in certain indications. Poor ADME properties are also a major reason for the failure of drug candidates in clinical trials. While formulation technologies and prodrug strategies can be employed in some cases to improve certain ADME properties, these approaches often fail to address the underlying ADME problems that exist for many drugs and drug candidates. One such problem is rapid metabolism that causes a number of drugs, which otherwise would be highly effective in treating a disease, to be cleared too rapidly from the body. A possible solution to rapid drug clearance is frequent or high dosing to attain a sufficiently high plasma level of drug. This, however, introduces a number of potential treatment problems such as poor patient compliance with the dosing regimen, side effects that become more acute with higher doses, and increased cost of treatment. A rapidly metabolized drug may also expose patients to undesirable toxic or reactive metabolites.

Another ADME limitation that affects many medicines is the formation of toxic or biologically reactive metabolites. As a result, some patients receiving the drug may experience toxicities, or the safe dosing of such drugs may be limited such that patients receive a suboptimal amount of the active agent. In certain cases, modifying dosing intervals or formulation approaches can help to reduce clinical adverse effects, but often the formation of such undesirable metabolites is intrinsic to the metabolism of the compound.

In some select cases, a metabolic inhibitor will be co-administered with a drug that is cleared too rapidly. Such is the case with the protease inhibitor class of drugs that are used to treat HIV infection. The FDA recommends that these drugs be co-dosed with ritonavir, an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 enzyme 3A4 (CYP3A4), the enzyme typically responsible for their metabolism (see Kempf, D. J. et al., Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, 1997, 41(3): 654-60). Ritonavir, however, causes adverse effects and adds to the pill burden for HIV patients who must already take a combination of different drugs. Similarly, the CYP2D6 inhibitor quinidine has been added to dextromethorphan for the purpose of reducing rapid CYP2D6 metabolism of dextromethorphan in a treatment of pseudobulbar affect. Quinidine, however, has unwanted side effects that greatly limit its use in potential combination therapy (see Wang, L et al., Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 1994, 56(6 Pt 1): 659-67; and FDA label for quinidine at www.accessdata.fda.gov).

In general, combining drugs with cytochrome P450 inhibitors is not a satisfactory strategy for decreasing drug clearance. The inhibition of a CYP enzyme's activity can affect the metabolism and clearance of other drugs metabolized by that same enzyme. CYP inhibition can cause other drugs to accumulate in the body to toxic levels.

A potentially attractive strategy for improving a drug's metabolic properties is deuterium modification. In this approach, one attempts to slow the CYP-mediated metabolism of a drug or to reduce the formation of undesirable metabolites by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms with deuterium atoms. Deuterium is a safe, stable, non-radioactive isotope of hydrogen. Compared to hydrogen, deuterium forms stronger bonds with carbon. In select cases, the increased bond strength imparted by deuterium can positively impact the ADME properties of a drug, creating the potential for improved drug efficacy, safety, and/or tolerability. At the same time, because the size and shape of deuterium are essentially identical to those of hydrogen, replacement of hydrogen by deuterium would not be expected to affect the biochemical potency and selectivity of the drug as compared to the original chemical entity that contains only hydrogen.

Over the past 35 years, the effects of deuterium substitution on the rate of metabolism have been reported for a very small percentage of approved drugs (see, e.g., Blake, M I et al, J Pharm Sci, 1975, 64:367-91; Foster, A B, Adv Drug Res 1985, 14:1-40 (“Foster”); Kushner, D J et al, Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1999, 79-88; Fisher, M B et al, Curr Opin Drug Discov Devel, 2006, 9:101-09 (“Fisher”)). The results have been variable and unpredictable. For some compounds deuteration caused decreased metabolic clearance in vivo. For others, there was no change in metabolism. Still others demonstrated increased metabolic clearance. The variability in deuterium effects has also led experts to question or dismiss deuterium modification as a viable drug design strategy for inhibiting adverse metabolism (see Foster at p. 35 and Fisher at p. 101).

The effects of deuterium modification on a drug's metabolic properties are not predictable even when deuterium atoms are incorporated at known sites of metabolism. Only by actually preparing and testing a deuterated drug can one determine if and how the rate of metabolism will differ from that of its non-deuterated counterpart. See, for example, Fukuto et al. (J. Med. Chem. 1991, 34, 2871-76). Many drugs have multiple sites where metabolism is possible. The site(s) where deuterium substitution is required and the extent of deuteration necessary to see an effect on metabolism, if any, will be different for each drug.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to novel derivatives of idebenone. This invention also provides compositions comprising a compound of this invention and the use of such compositions in methods of treating diseases such as are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,133,322, 4,436,753 and 5,059,627, including Friedreich's Ataxia; hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; iron overload in Hallervorden-Spatz disease; sideroblastic anemia; ischemic disease including, but not limited to, cerebral infarction, cerebral hemorrhage, cerebral hemorrhagic infarction, cerebral embolus, cardiac failure, nephrosclerosis, proteinuria due to vascular lesion and renovascular hypertension; degenerative nervous system disorders including, but not limited to, senile dementia and Alzheimer's disease; Duchenne's muscular dystrophy; multiple sclerosis, including primary progressive multiple sclerosis; and diseases or conditions that are treatable by reducing oxidative toxicity in mitochondria. Idebenone has been approved in several countries for Alzheimer's type dementia, and is currently undergoing clinical evaluation for Duchenne's muscular dystrophy, MELAS syndrome (mitochondrial encephalopathy lactic acidosis with stroke-like episodes), Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy, and Friedreich's ataxia. Idebenone is rapidly metabolized by oxidative chain shortening and its metabolites are reported to be inactive (Bodmer, M., Eur J. Clin. Pharmacol. 65: 493-501 2009).

Despite the potential beneficial activities of idebenone, there is a continuing need for new compounds to treat the aforementioned diseases and conditions.

Definitions

The term “treat” means decrease, suppress, attenuate, diminish, arrest, or stabilize the development or progression of a disease (e.g., a disease or disorder delineated herein), lessen the severity of the disease or improve the symptoms associated with the disease.

“Disease” means any condition or disorder that damages or interferes with the normal function of a cell, tissue, or organ.

It will be recognized that some variation of natural isotopic abundance occurs in a synthesized compound depending upon the origin of chemical materials used in the synthesis. Thus, a preparation of idebenone will inherently contain small amounts of deuterated isotopologues. The concentration of naturally abundant stable hydrogen and carbon isotopes, notwithstanding this variation, is small and immaterial as compared to the degree of stable isotopic substitution of compounds of this invention. See, for instance, Wada, E et al., Seikagaku, 1994, 66:15; Gannes, L Z et al., Comp Biochem Physiol Mol Integr Physiol, 1998, 119:725.

In the compounds of this invention any atom not specifically designated as a particular isotope is meant to represent any stable isotope of that atom. Unless otherwise stated, when a position is designated specifically as “H” or “hydrogen”, the position is understood to have hydrogen at its natural abundance isotopic composition. Also unless otherwise stated, when a position is designated specifically as “D” or “deuterium”, the position is understood to have deuterium at an abundance that is at least 3000 times greater than the natural abundance of deuterium, which is 0.015% (i.e., at least 45% incorporation of deuterium).

The term “isotopic enrichment factor” as used herein means the ratio between the isotopic abundance and the natural abundance of a specified isotope.

In other embodiments, a compound of this invention has an isotopic enrichment factor for each designated deuterium atom of at least 3500 (52.5% deuterium incorporation at each designated deuterium atom), at least 4000 (60% deuterium incorporation), at least 4500 (67.5% deuterium incorporation), at least 5000 (75% deuterium), at least 5500 (82.5% deuterium incorporation), at least 6000 (90% deuterium incorporation), at least 6333.3 (95% deuterium incorporation), at least 6466.7 (97% deuterium incorporation), at least 6600 (99% deuterium incorporation), or at least 6633.3 (99.5% deuterium incorporation).

The term “isotopologue” refers to a species in which the chemical structure differs from a specific compound of this invention only in the isotopic composition thereof.

The term “compound,” when referring to a compound of this invention, refers to a collection of molecules having an identical chemical structure, except that there may be isotopic variation among the constituent atoms of the molecules. Thus, it will be clear to those of skill in the art that a compound represented by a particular chemical structure containing indicated deuterium atoms, will also contain lesser amounts of isotopologues having hydrogen atoms at one or more of the designated deuterium positions in that structure. The relative amount of such isotopologues in a compound of this invention will depend upon a number of factors including the isotopic purity of deuterated reagents used to make the compound and the efficiency of incorporation of deuterium in the various synthesis steps used to prepare the compound. However, as set forth above the relative amount of such isotopologues in toto will be less than 55% of the compound. In other embodiments, the relative amount of such isotopologues in toto will be less than 50%, less than 47.5%, less than 40%, less than 32.5%, less than 25%, less than 17.5%, less than 10%, less than 5%, less than 3%, less than 1%, or less than 0.5% of the compound.

The invention also provides salts of the compounds of the invention.

A salt of a compound of this invention is formed between an acid and a basic group of the compound, such as an amino functional group, or a base and an acidic group of the compound, such as a carboxyl functional group. According to another embodiment, the compound is a pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable,” as used herein, refers to a component that is, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of humans and other mammals without undue toxicity, irritation, allergic response and the like, and are commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio. A “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” means any non-toxic salt that, upon administration to a recipient, is capable of providing, either directly or indirectly, a compound of this invention. A “pharmaceutically acceptable counterion” is an ionic portion of a salt that is not toxic when released from the salt upon administration to a recipient.

The pharmaceutically acceptable salt may also be a salt of a compound of the present invention and a base. Exemplary bases include, but are not limited to, hydroxide of alkali metals including sodium, potassium, and lithium; hydroxides of alkaline earth metals such as calcium and magnesium; hydroxides of other metals, such as aluminum and zinc; ammonia, organic amines such as unsubstituted or hydroxyl-substituted mono-, di-, or tri-alkylamines, dicyclohexylamine; tributyl amine; pyridine; N-methylamine, N-ethylamine; diethylamine; triethylamine; mono-, bis-, or tris-(2-OH—(C₁-C₆)-alkylamine), such as N,N-dimethyl-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)amine or tri-(2-hydroxyethyl)amine; N-methyl-D-glucamine; morpholine; thiomorpholine; piperidine; pyrrolidine; and amino acids such as arginine, lysine, and the like.

The compounds of the present invention (e.g., compounds of Formula I), may contain an asymmetric carbon atom, for example, as the result of deuterium substitution or otherwise. As such, compounds of this invention can exist as either individual enantiomers, or mixtures of the two enantiomers. Accordingly, a compound of the present invention may exist as either a racemic mixture or a scalemic mixture, or as individual respective stereoisomers that are substantially free from another possible stereoisomer. The term “substantially free of other stereoisomers” as used herein means less than 25% of other stereoisomers, preferably less than 10% of other stereoisomers, more preferably less than 5% of other stereoisomers and most preferably less than 2% of other stereoisomers are present. Methods of obtaining or synthesizing an individual enantiomer for a given compound are known in the art and may be applied as practicable to final compounds or to starting material or intermediates.

Unless otherwise indicated, when a disclosed compound is named or depicted by a structure without specifying the stereochemistry and has one or more chiral centers, it is understood to represent all possible stereoisomers of the compound.

The term “stable compounds,” as used herein, refers to compounds which possess stability sufficient to allow for their manufacture and which maintain the integrity of the compound for a sufficient period of time to be useful for the purposes detailed herein (e.g., formulation into therapeutic products, intermediates for use in production of therapeutic compounds, isolatable or storable intermediate compounds, treating a disease or condition responsive to therapeutic agents).

“D” and “d” both refer to deuterium. “d_(x-y)” refers to substitution with from x to y number of deuterium atoms. “Stereoisomer” refers to both enantiomers and diastereomers. “Tert” and “t-” each refer to tertiary. “US” refers to the United States of America.

A group is “substituted with” a substituent when one or more hydrogen atoms of the group are replaced with a corresponding number of substituent atoms (if the substituent is an atom) or groups (if the substituent is a group). For example, “substituted with deuterium” refers to the replacement of one or more hydrogen atoms with a corresponding number of deuterium atoms.

Throughout this specification, a variable may be referred to generally (e.g., “each Y”) or may be referred to specifically (e.g., Y¹, Y², Y³ etc.). Unless otherwise indicated, when a variable is referred to generally, it is meant to include all specific embodiments of that particular variable.

Therapeutic Compounds

The present invention in one embodiment provides a compound of Formula I:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

each of R¹, R² and R³ is independently selected from CH₃, CH₂D, CHD₂ and CD₃;

each Y¹ is the same and is hydrogen or deuterium;

each Y² is the same and is hydrogen or deuterium;

each Y³ is the same and is hydrogen or deuterium;

each Y⁴ is the same and is hydrogen or deuterium;

each Y⁵ is the same and is hydrogen or deuterium;

each Y⁶ is the same and is hydrogen or deuterium;

each Y⁷ is the same and is hydrogen or deuterium;

each Y⁸ is the same and is hydrogen or deuterium;

each Y⁹ is the same and is hydrogen or deuterium; and

each Y¹⁰ is the same and is hydrogen or deuterium;

provided that if each Y¹ is hydrogen; each Y² is hydrogen; each Y³ is hydrogen; each Y⁴ is hydrogen; each Y⁵ is hydrogen; each Y⁶ is hydrogen; each Y⁷ is hydrogen; each Y⁸ is hydrogen; each Y⁹ is hydrogen; each Y¹⁰ is hydrogen; R² is CH₃; and R³ is CH₃; then R¹ is CH₂D or CHD₂.

In one set of embodiments of the compound of Formula I, each of R¹, R³ and R² is independently selected from CH₃ and CD₃.

In one embodiment of the compound of Formula I, each Y¹⁰ is deuterium. In one aspect of this embodiment, each Y⁹ is hydrogen. In another aspect of this embodiment, each Y⁹ is deuterium. In one aspect of this embodiment, each Y⁸ is hydrogen. In another aspect of this embodiment, each Y⁸ is deuterium. In one aspect of this embodiment, R¹ is CH₃. In another aspect of this embodiment, R¹ is CD₃. In another aspect of this embodiment, R² is CH₃. In another aspect of this embodiment, R² is CD₃. In one aspect of this embodiment, R³ is CH₃. In another aspect of this embodiment, R³ is CD₃.

In one embodiment of the compound of Formula I, each Y¹⁰ is hydrogen. In one aspect of this embodiment, each Y⁹ is hydrogen. In another aspect of this embodiment, each Y⁹ is deuterium. In one aspect of this embodiment, each Y⁸ is hydrogen. In another aspect of this embodiment, each Y⁸ is deuterium. In one aspect of this embodiment, R¹ is CH₃. In another aspect of this embodiment, R¹ is CD₃. In another aspect of this embodiment, R² is CH₃. In another aspect of this embodiment, R² is CD₃. In one aspect of this embodiment, R³ is CH₃. In another aspect of this embodiment, R³ is CD₃.

In one embodiment of the compound of Formula I, each Y⁹ is deuterium. In one aspect of this embodiment, each Y⁸ is hydrogen. In another aspect of this embodiment, each Y⁸ is deuterium. In one aspect of this embodiment, R¹ is CH₃. In another aspect of this embodiment, R¹ is CD₃. In another aspect of this embodiment, R² is CH₃. In another aspect of this embodiment, R² is CD₃. In one aspect of this embodiment, R³ is CH₃. In another aspect of this embodiment, R³ is CD₃.

In one embodiment of the compound of Formula I, each Y⁹ is hydrogen. In one aspect of this embodiment, each Y⁸ is hydrogen. In another aspect of this embodiment, each Y⁸ is deuterium. In one aspect of this embodiment, R¹ is CH₃. In another aspect of this embodiment, R¹ is CD₃. In another aspect of this embodiment, R² is CH₃. In another aspect of this embodiment, R² is CD₃. In one aspect of this embodiment, R³ is CH₃. In another aspect of this embodiment, R³ is CD₃.

In one embodiment, each Y′ is deuterium; each Y² is deuterium; each Y³ is deuterium; each Y⁴ is deuterium; each Y⁵ is deuterium; each Y⁶ is deuterium; each Y⁷ is deuterium; each Y⁸ is deuterium; each Y⁹ is deuterium; and each Y¹⁰ is deuterium.

In one embodiment, each Y¹, each Y² and each Y³ are all hydrogen. In one embodiment, each Y¹, each Y² and each Y³ are all deuterium.

In yet another embodiment, the compound is selected from any one of the compounds (Cmpd) set forth in Table 1 (below), wherein each Y′ is hydrogen; each Y² is hydrogen; each Y³ is hydrogen; each Y⁴ is hydrogen; each Y⁵ is hydrogen; each Y⁶ is hydrogen; each Y⁷ is hydrogen; and R³ is CH₃:

TABLE 1 Exemplary Embodiments of Formula I Cmpd No. R¹ R² each Y¹⁰ each Y⁹ each Y⁸ 101 CH₃ CH₃ H H D 102 CH₃ CH₃ H D H 103 CH₃ CH₃ H D D 104 CH₃ CH₃ D H H 105 CH₃ CH₃ D H D 106 CH₃ CH₃ D D H 107 CH₃ CH₃ D D D 108 CH₃ CD₃ H H H 109 CH₃ CD₃ H H D 110 CH₃ CD₃ H D H 111 CH₃ CD₃ H D D 112 CH₃ CD₃ D H H 113 CH₃ CD₃ D H D 114 CH₃ CD₃ D D H 115 CH₃ CD₃ D D D 117 CD₃ CH₃ H H D 118 CD₃ CH₃ H D H 119 CD₃ CH₃ H D D 120 CD₃ CH₃ D H H 121 CD₃ CH₃ D H D 122 CD₃ CH₃ D D H 123 CD₃ CH₃ D D D 124 CD₃ CD₃ H H H 125 CD₃ CD₃ H H D 126 CD₃ CD₃ H D H 127 CD₃ CD₃ H D D 128 CD₃ CD₃ D H H 129 CD₃ CD₃ D H D 130 CD₃ CD₃ D D H 131 CD₃ CD₃ D D D or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein any atom not designated as deuterium is present at its natural isotopic abundance.

In yet another embodiment, the compound is selected from any one of the compounds (Cmpd) set forth in Table 2 (below), wherein each Y¹ is hydrogen; each Y² is hydrogen; each Y³ is hydrogen; each Y⁴ is hydrogen; each Y⁵ is hydrogen; each Y⁶ is hydrogen; each Y⁷ is hydrogen; and R³ is CD₃:

TABLE 2 Exemplary Embodiments of Formula I Cmpd No. R¹ R² each Y¹⁰ each Y⁹ each Y⁸ 200 CH₃ CH₃ H H H 201 CH₃ CH₃ H H D 202 CH₃ CH₃ H D H 203 CH₃ CH₃ H D D 204 CH₃ CH₃ D H H 205 CH₃ CH₃ D H D 206 CH₃ CH₃ D D H 207 CH₃ CH₃ D D D 208 CH₃ CD₃ H H H 209 CH₃ CD₃ H H D 210 CH₃ CD₃ H D H 211 CH₃ CD₃ H D D 212 CH₃ CD₃ D H H 213 CH₃ CD₃ D H D 214 CH₃ CD₃ D D H 215 CH₃ CD₃ D D D 216 CD₃ CH₃ H H H 217 CD₃ CH₃ H H D 218 CD₃ CH₃ H D H 219 CD₃ CH₃ H D D 220 CD₃ CH₃ D H H 221 CD₃ CH₃ D H D 222 CD₃ CH₃ D D H 223 CD₃ CH₃ D D D 224 CD₃ CD₃ H H H 225 CD₃ CD₃ H H D 226 CD₃ CD₃ H D H 227 CD₃ CD₃ H D D 228 CD₃ CD₃ D H H 229 CD₃ CD₃ D H D 230 CD₃ CD₃ D D H 231 CD₃ CD₃ D D D or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein any atom not designated as deuterium is present at its natural isotopic abundance.

In yet another embodiment, the compound is selected from any one of the compounds (Cmpd) set forth in Table 3 below, wherein each Y′ is deuterium; each Y² is deuterium; each Y³ is deuterium; each Y⁴ is deuterium; each Y⁵ is deuterium; each Y⁶ is deuterium; each Y⁷ is deuterium; each Y⁸ is deuterium; each Y⁹ is deuterium; and each Y¹⁰ is deuterium:

TABLE 3 Exemplary Embodiments of Formula I Cmpd No. R¹ R² R³ 300 CH₃ CH₃ CH₃ 301 CH₃ CH₃ CD₃ 302 CH₃ CD₃ CH₃ 303 CH₃ CD₃ CD₃ 304 CD₃ CH₃ CH₃ 305 CD₃ CH₃ CD₃ 306 CD₃ CD₃ CH₃ 307 CD₃ CD₃ CD₃ or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein any atom not designated as deuterium is present at its natural isotopic abundance.

In another set of embodiments, any atom not designated as deuterium in any of the embodiments, aspects, or examples set forth above is present at its natural isotopic abundance.

The synthesis of compounds of Formula I may be readily achieved by synthetic chemists of ordinary skill by reference to the Exemplary Synthesis and Examples disclosed herein. Relevant procedures analogous to those of use for the preparation of compounds of Formula I and intermediates thereof are disclosed, for instance in U.S. Pat. No. 4,139,545.

Such methods can be carried out utilizing corresponding deuterated and optionally, other isotope-containing reagents and/or intermediates to synthesize the compounds delineated herein, or invoking standard synthetic protocols known in the art for introducing isotopic atoms to a chemical structure.

Exemplary Synthesis

Scheme 1 provides an exemplary procedure for the preparation of the compounds of Formula I.

The compounds of Formula I may be prepared in a manner analogous to that described by Tsoukala, A. et al., Org Process Res. Dev (2011), 15: 673-680. Starting material 10 is converted to 11 in the presence of KBr/acid. Coupling of 11 with 12 using Pd(PPh₃)₄ as catalyst yields a mixture of 13a and 13b. Reduction of the alkene bond with either H₂ or D₂ as described in Scheme 1 leads to 14 which is then converted to a compound of Formula I via oxidation and subsequent deprotection.

Starting compound 10a, wherein R³ is CD₃, may be prepared as described by Hamamura, K. et al., J of Labeled Compounds and Radiopharmaceuticals (2002), 45(10): 831-839,

Appropriately deuterated intermediates 12, may be prepared as shown in Scheme 2a or Scheme 2b, below.

Using methods well known in the arts, appropriately deuterated diol 15 is first protected as the mono-TB S ether, then treated with the Burgess reagent to yield intermediates 12.

Starting diol 15a is commercially available,

Using routine methods in the arts, appropriately deuterated diol 16 is first protected as the mono-TB S ether, then treated with mesyl chloride prior to coupling with appropriately deuterated Grignard reagent 17 to yield intermediates 12.

Starting diols 16a and 16b are commercially available,

Starting diol 16c may be prepared by treating diethyl malonate with LiAlD₄ as described by Dickschat, J. S. et al., Eur. J of Org Chem., (2011), 18: 3339-3346

The specific approaches and compounds shown above are not intended to be limiting. The chemical structures in the schemes herein depict variables that are hereby defined commensurately with chemical group definitions (moieties, atoms, etc.) of the corresponding position in the compound formulae herein, whether identified by the same variable name (i.e., R¹, R², R³, etc.) or not. The suitability of a chemical group in a compound structure for use in the synthesis of another compound is within the knowledge of one of ordinary skill in the art.

Additional methods of synthesizing compounds of Formula I and their synthetic precursors, including those within routes not explicitly shown in schemes herein, are within the means of chemists of ordinary skill in the art. Synthetic chemistry transformations and protecting group methodologies (protection and deprotection) useful in synthesizing the applicable compounds are known in the art and include, for example, those described in Larock R, Comprehensive Organic Transformations, VCH Publishers (1989); Greene, T W et al., Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 3^(rd) Ed., John Wiley and Sons (1999); Fieser, L et al., Fieser and Fieser's Reagents for Organic Synthesis, John Wiley and Sons (1994); and Paquette, L, ed., Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis, John Wiley and Sons (1995) and subsequent editions thereof.

Combinations of substituents and variables envisioned by this invention are only those that result in the formation of stable compounds.

Compositions

The invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising an effective amount of a compound of Formula I or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of said compound; and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

The invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising an effective amount of a compound of Formula II:

wherein:

each of R², R³ and R⁴ is independently selected from CH₃, CH₂D, CHD₂ and CD₃;

each Y¹ is the same and is hydrogen or deuterium;

each Y² is the same and is hydrogen or deuterium;

each Y³ is the same and is hydrogen or deuterium;

each Y⁴ is the same and is hydrogen or deuterium;

each Y⁵ is the same and is hydrogen or deuterium;

each Y⁶ is the same and is hydrogen or deuterium;

each Y⁷ is the same and is hydrogen or deuterium;

each Y⁸ is the same and is hydrogen or deuterium;

each Y⁹ is the same and is hydrogen or deuterium; and

each Y¹⁰ is the same and is hydrogen or deuterium;

provided that if each Y¹ is hydrogen; each Y² is hydrogen; each Y³ is hydrogen; each Y⁴ is hydrogen; each Y⁵ is hydrogen; each Y⁶ is hydrogen; each Y⁷ is hydrogen; each Y⁸ is hydrogen; each Y⁹ is hydrogen; each Y¹⁰ is hydrogen; R² is CH₃; and R³ is CH₃; then R⁴ is not CH₃; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of said compound; and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

In one embodiment, the compound of Formula II is compound 116:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. The carrier(s) are “acceptable” in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation and, in the case of a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, not deleterious to the recipient thereof in an amount used in the medicament.

Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, adjuvants and vehicles that may be used in the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention include, but are not limited to, ion exchangers, alumina, aluminum stearate, lecithin, serum proteins, such as human serum albumin, buffer substances such as phosphates, glycine, sorbic acid, potassium sorbate, partial glyceride mixtures of saturated vegetable fatty acids, water, salts or electrolytes, such as protamine sulfate, disodium hydrogen phosphate, potassium hydrogen phosphate, sodium chloride, zinc salts, colloidal silica, magnesium trisilicate, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, cellulose-based substances, polyethylene glycol, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, polyacrylates, waxes, polyethylene-polyoxypropylene-block polymers, polyethylene glycol and wool fat.

If required, the solubility and bioavailability of the compounds of the present invention in pharmaceutical compositions may be enhanced by methods well-known in the art. One method includes the use of lipid excipients in the formulation. See “Oral Lipid-Based Formulations: Enhancing the Bioavailability of Poorly Water-Soluble Drugs (Drugs and the Pharmaceutical Sciences),” David J. Hauss, ed. Informa Healthcare, 2007; and “Role of Lipid Excipients in Modifying Oral and Parenteral Drug Delivery: Basic Principles and Biological Examples,” Kishor M. Wasan, ed. Wiley-Interscience, 2006.

Another known method of enhancing bioavailability is the use of an amorphous form of a compound of this invention optionally formulated with a poloxamer, such as LUTROL™ and PLURONIC™ (BASF Corporation), or block copolymers of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide. See U.S. Pat. No. 7,014,866; and United States patent publications 20060094744 and 20060079502.

The pharmaceutical compositions of the invention include those suitable for oral, rectal, nasal, topical (including buccal and sublingual), vaginal or parenteral (including subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous and intradermal) administration. In certain embodiments, the compound of the formulae herein is administered transdermally (e.g., using a transdermal patch or iontophoretic techniques). Other formulations may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form, e.g., tablets, sustained release capsules, and in liposomes, and may be prepared by any methods well known in the art of pharmacy. See, for example, Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, Md. (20th ed. 2000).

Such preparative methods include the step of bringing into association with the molecule to be administered ingredients such as the carrier that constitutes one or more accessory ingredients. In general, the compositions are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing into association the active ingredients with liquid carriers, liposomes or finely divided solid carriers, or both, and then, if necessary, shaping the product.

In certain embodiments, the compound is administered orally. Compositions of the present invention suitable for oral administration may be presented as discrete units such as capsules, sachets, or tablets each containing a predetermined amount of the active ingredient; a powder or granules; a solution or a suspension in an aqueous liquid or a non-aqueous liquid; an oil-in-water liquid emulsion; a water-in-oil liquid emulsion; packed in liposomes; or as a bolus, etc. Soft gelatin capsules can be useful for containing such suspensions, which may beneficially increase the rate of compound absorption.

In the case of tablets for oral use, carriers that are commonly used include lactose and corn starch. Lubricating agents, such as magnesium stearate, are also typically added. For oral administration in a capsule form, useful diluents include lactose and dried cornstarch. When aqueous suspensions are administered orally, the active ingredient is combined with emulsifying and suspending agents. If desired, certain sweetening and/or flavoring and/or coloring agents may be added.

Compositions suitable for oral administration include lozenges comprising the ingredients in a flavored basis, usually sucrose and acacia or tragacanth; and pastilles comprising the active ingredient in an inert basis such as gelatin and glycerin, or sucrose and acacia.

Compositions suitable for parenteral administration include aqueous and non-aqueous sterile injection solutions which may contain anti-oxidants, buffers, bacteriostats and solutes which render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient; and aqueous and non-aqueous sterile suspensions which may include suspending agents and thickening agents. The formulations may be presented in unit-dose or multi-dose containers, for example, sealed ampules and vials, and may be stored in a freeze dried (lyophilized) condition requiring only the addition of the sterile liquid carrier, for example water for injections, immediately prior to use. Extemporaneous injection solutions and suspensions may be prepared from sterile powders, granules and tablets.

Such injection solutions may be in the form, for example, of a sterile injectable aqueous or oleaginous suspension. This suspension may be formulated according to techniques known in the art using suitable dispersing or wetting agents (such as, for example, Tween 80) and suspending agents. The sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectable solution or suspension in a non-toxic parenterally-acceptable diluent or solvent, for example, as a solution in 1,3-butanediol. Among the acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are mannitol, water, Ringer's solution and isotonic sodium chloride solution. In addition, sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium. For this purpose, any bland fixed oil may be employed including synthetic mono- or diglycerides. Fatty acids, such as oleic acid and its glyceride derivatives are useful in the preparation of injectables, as are natural pharmaceutically-acceptable oils, such as olive oil or castor oil, especially in their polyoxyethylated versions. These oil solutions or suspensions may also contain a long-chain alcohol diluent or dispersant.

The pharmaceutical compositions of this invention may be administered in the form of suppositories for rectal administration. These compositions can be prepared by mixing a compound of this invention with a suitable non-irritating excipient which is solid at room temperature but liquid at the rectal temperature and therefore will melt in the rectum to release the active components. Such materials include, but are not limited to, cocoa butter, beeswax and polyethylene glycols.

The pharmaceutical compositions of this invention may be administered by nasal aerosol or inhalation. Such compositions are prepared according to techniques well-known in the art of pharmaceutical formulation and may be prepared as solutions in saline, employing benzyl alcohol or other suitable preservatives, absorption promoters to enhance bioavailability, fluorocarbons, and/or other solubilizing or dispersing agents known in the art. See, e.g.: Rabinowitz J D and Zaffaroni A C, U.S. Pat. No. 6,803,031, assigned to Alexza Molecular Delivery Corporation.

Topical administration of the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention is especially useful when the desired treatment involves areas or organs readily accessible by topical application. For topical application topically to the skin, the pharmaceutical composition should be formulated with a suitable ointment containing the active components suspended or dissolved in a carrier. Carriers for topical administration of the compounds of this invention include, but are not limited to, mineral oil, liquid petroleum, white petroleum, propylene glycol, polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene compound, emulsifying wax, and water. Alternatively, the pharmaceutical composition can be formulated with a suitable lotion or cream containing the active compound suspended or dissolved in a carrier. Suitable carriers include, but are not limited to, mineral oil, sorbitan monostearate, polysorbate 60, cetyl esters wax, cetearyl alcohol, 2-octyldodecanol, benzyl alcohol, and water. The pharmaceutical compositions of this invention may also be topically applied to the lower intestinal tract by rectal suppository formulation or in a suitable enema formulation. Topically-transdermal patches and iontophoretic administration are also included in this invention.

Application of the subject therapeutics may be local, so as to be administered at the site of interest. Various techniques can be used for providing the subject compositions at the site of interest, such as injection, use of catheters, trocars, projectiles, pluronic gel, stents, sustained drug release polymers or other device which provides for internal access.

Thus, according to yet another embodiment, the compounds of this invention may be incorporated into compositions for coating an implantable medical device, such as prostheses, artificial valves, vascular grafts, stents, or catheters. Suitable coatings and the general preparation of coated implantable devices are known in the art and are exemplified in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,099,562; 5,886,026; and 5,304,121. The coatings are typically biocompatible polymeric materials such as a hydrogel polymer, polymethyldisiloxane, polycaprolactone, polyethylene glycol, polylactic acid, ethylene vinyl acetate, and mixtures thereof. The coatings may optionally be further covered by a suitable topcoat of fluorosilicone, polysaccharides, polyethylene glycol, phospholipids or combinations thereof to impart controlled release characteristics in the composition. Coatings for invasive devices are to be included within the definition of pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, adjuvant or vehicle, as those terms are used herein.

According to another embodiment, the invention provides a method of coating an implantable medical device comprising the step of contacting said device with the coating composition described above. It will be obvious to those skilled in the art that the coating of the device will occur prior to implantation into a mammal.

According to another embodiment, the invention provides a method of impregnating an implantable drug release device comprising the step of contacting said drug release device with a compound or composition of this invention. Implantable drug release devices include, but are not limited to, biodegradable polymer capsules or bullets, non-degradable, diffusible polymer capsules and biodegradable polymer wafers.

According to another embodiment, the invention provides an implantable medical device coated with a compound or a composition comprising a compound of this invention, such that said compound is therapeutically active.

According to another embodiment, the invention provides an implantable drug release device impregnated with or containing a compound or a composition comprising a compound of this invention, such that said compound is released from said device and is therapeutically active.

Where an organ or tissue is accessible because of removal from the subject, such organ or tissue may be bathed in a medium containing a composition of this invention, a composition of this invention may be painted onto the organ, or a composition of this invention may be applied in any other convenient way.

In another embodiment, a composition of this invention further comprises a second therapeutic agent. The second therapeutic agent may be selected from any compound or therapeutic agent known to have or that demonstrates advantageous properties when administered with a compound having the same mechanism of action as idebenone. Such agents include those indicated as being useful in combination with idebenone, including but not limited to, donepezil, zanapezil, tacrine, ipiacrine, rivastigmine, T-588, TAK-147 and xaliproden (described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,962,535 and U.S. Pat. No. 7,342,043).

In another embodiment, the invention provides separate dosage forms of a compound of this invention and one or more of any of the above-described second therapeutic agents, wherein the compound and second therapeutic agent are associated with one another. The term “associated with one another” as used herein means that the separate dosage forms are packaged together or otherwise attached to one another such that it is readily apparent that the separate dosage forms are intended to be sold and administered together (within less than 24 hours of one another, consecutively or simultaneously).

In the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention, the compound of the present invention is present in an effective amount. As used herein, the term “effective amount” refers to an amount which, when administered in a proper dosing regimen, is sufficient to treat the target disorder.

The interrelationship of dosages for animals and humans (based on milligrams per meter squared of body surface) is described in Freireich et al., Cancer Chemother. Rep, 1966, 50: 219. Body surface area may be approximately determined from height and weight of the subject. See, e.g., Scientific Tables, Geigy Pharmaceuticals, Ardsley, N.Y., 1970, 537.

In one embodiment, an effective amount of a compound of this invention can range from 1 mg/kg to 50 mg/kg, administered once a day, such as 2.5 mg to 50 mg/kg, administered once a day, such as 2.5 mg to 25 mg/kg, administered once a day, such as 5 mg to 25 mg/kg, administered once a day.

In one embodiment, an effective amount of a compound of this invention can range from 1 mg/kg to 50 mg/kg, administered twice a day, such as 2.5 mg to 50 mg/kg, administered twice a day, such as 2.5 mg to 25 mg/kg, administered twice a day, such as 5 mg to 25 mg/kg, administered twice a day.

In one embodiment, an effective amount of a compound of this invention can range from 50 mg to 5000 mg, such as 100 mg to 2500 mg, such as 100 mg to 2250 mg, such as 150 mg to 2250 mg, such as 180 mg to 2250 mg. which can be administered once a day.

Effective doses will also vary, as recognized by those skilled in the art, depending on the diseases treated, the severity of the disease, the route of administration, the sex, age and general health condition of the subject, excipient usage, the possibility of co-usage with other therapeutic treatments such as use of other agents and the judgment of the treating physician.

For pharmaceutical compositions that comprise a second therapeutic agent, an effective amount of the second therapeutic agent is between about 20% and 100% of the dosage normally utilized in a monotherapy regime using just that agent. Preferably, an effective amount is between about 70% and 100% of the normal monotherapeutic dose. The normal monotherapeutic dosages of these second therapeutic agents are well known in the art. See, e.g., Wells et al., eds., Pharmacotherapy Handbook, 2nd Edition, Appleton and Lange, Stamford, Conn. (2000); PDR Pharmacopoeia, Tarascon Pocket Pharmacopoeia 2000, Deluxe Edition, Tarascon Publishing, Loma Linda, Calif. (2000), each of which references are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

It is expected that some of the second therapeutic agents referenced above will act synergistically with the compounds of this invention. When this occurs, it will allow the effective dosage of the second therapeutic agent and/or the compound of this invention to be reduced from that required in a monotherapy. This has the advantage of minimizing toxic side effects of either the second therapeutic agent of a compound of this invention, synergistic improvements in efficacy, improved ease of administration or use and/or reduced overall expense of compound preparation or formulation.

Methods of Treatment

In another embodiment, the invention provides a method of reducing oxidative toxicity in mitochondria, comprising contacting mitochondria with one or more compounds of Formula I or Formula II herein.

According to another embodiment, the invention provides a method of treating diseases such as are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,133,322, 4,436,753 and 5,059,627, including Friedreich's Ataxia; hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; iron overload in Hallervorden-Spatz disease; sideroblastic anemia; ischemic disease including, but not limited to, cerebral infarction, cerebral hemorrhage, cerebral hemorrhagic infarction, cerebral embolus, cardiac failure, nephrosclerosis, proteinuria due to vascular lesion and renovascular hypertension; degenerative nervous system disorders including, but not limited to, senile dementia and Alzheimer's disease; Duchenne's muscular dystrophy; and multiple sclerosis, including primary progressive multiple sclerosis. In one embodiment, the disease is Duchenne's muscular dystrophy; or multiple sclerosis, including primary progressive multiple sclerosis.

According to one embodiment, the invention provides a method of treating Alzheimer's type dementia, Duchenne's muscular dystrophy, MELAS syndrome (mitochondrial encephalopathy lactic acidosis with stroke-like episodes), Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy, and Friedreich's ataxia.

Identifying a subject in need of such treatment can be in the judgment of a subject or a health care professional and can be subjective (e.g. opinion) or objective (e.g. measurable by a test or diagnostic method). In one embodiment the subject is a patient.

In another embodiment, any of the above methods of treatment comprises the further step of co-administering to the subject in need thereof one or more second therapeutic agents. The choice of second therapeutic agent may be made from any second therapeutic agent known to be useful for co-administration with idebenone. The choice of second therapeutic agent is also dependent upon the particular disease or condition to be treated. Examples of second therapeutic agents that may be employed in the methods of this invention are those set forth above for use in combination compositions comprising a compound of this invention and a second therapeutic agent. Such agents include but are not limited to donepezil, zanapezil, tacrine, ipiacrine, rivastigmine, T-588, TAK-147 and xaliproden (described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,962,535 and U.S. Pat. No. 7,342,043).

The term “co-administered” as used herein means that the second therapeutic agent may be administered together with a compound of this invention as part of a single dosage form (such as a composition of this invention comprising a compound of the invention and an second therapeutic agent as described above) or as separate, multiple dosage forms. Alternatively, the additional agent may be administered prior to, consecutively with, or following the administration of a compound of this invention. In such combination therapy treatment, both the compounds of this invention and the second therapeutic agent(s) are administered by conventional methods. The administration of a composition of this invention, comprising both a compound of the invention and a second therapeutic agent, to a subject does not preclude the separate administration of that same therapeutic agent, any other second therapeutic agent or any compound of this invention to said subject at another time during a course of treatment.

Effective amounts of these second therapeutic agents are well known to those skilled in the art and guidance for dosing may be found in patents and published patent applications referenced herein, as well as in Wells et al., eds., Pharmacotherapy Handbook, 2nd Edition, Appleton and Lange, Stamford, Conn. (2000); PDR Pharmacopoeia, Tarascon Pocket Pharmacopoeia 2000, Deluxe Edition, Tarascon Publishing, Loma Linda, Calif. (2000), and other medical texts. However, it is well within the skilled artisan's purview to determine the second therapeutic agent's optimal effective-amount range.

In one embodiment of the invention, where a second therapeutic agent is administered to a subject, the effective amount of the compound of this invention is less than its effective amount would be where the second therapeutic agent is not administered. In another embodiment, the effective amount of the second therapeutic agent is less than its effective amount would be where the compound of this invention is not administered. In this way, undesired side effects associated with high doses of either agent may be minimized. Other potential advantages (including without limitation improved dosing regimens and/or reduced drug cost) will be apparent to those of skill in the art.

In yet another aspect, the invention provides the use of a compound of Formula I or Formula II alone or together with one or more of the above-described second therapeutic agents in the manufacture of a medicament, either as a single composition or as separate dosage forms, for treatment or prevention in a subject of a disease, disorder or symptom set forth above. Another aspect of the invention is a compound of Formula I or Formula II for use in the treatment or prevention in a subject of a disease, disorder or symptom thereof delineated herein.

EXAMPLE 1. EVALUATION OF METABOLIC STABILITY

Microsomal Assay:

Human liver microsomes (20 mg/mL) are obtained from Xenotech, LLC (Lenexa, Kans.). β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, reduced form (NADPH), magnesium chloride (MgCl2), and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) are purchased from Sigma-Aldrich.

Determination of Metabolic Stability:

7.5 mM stock solutions of test compounds are prepared in DMSO. The 7.5 mM stock solutions are diluted to 12.5-50 μM in acetonitrile (ACN). The 20 mg/mL human liver microsomes are diluted to 0.625 mg/mL in 0.1 M potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, containing 3 mM MgCl₂. The diluted microsomes are added to wells of a 96-well deep-well polypropylene plate in triplicate. A 10 μL aliquot of the 12.5-50 μM test compound is added to the microsomes and the mixture is pre-warmed for 10 minutes. Reactions are initiated by addition of pre-warmed NADPH solution. The final reaction volume is 0.5 mL and contains 0.5 mg/mL human liver microsomes, 0.25-1.0 μM test compound, and 2 mM NADPH in 0.1 M potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, and 3 mM MgCl₂. The reaction mixtures are incubated at 37° C., and 50 μL aliquots are removed at 0, 5, 10, 20, and 30 minutes and added to shallow-well 96-well plates which contain 50 μL of ice-cold ACN with internal standard to stop the reactions. The plates are stored at 4° C. for 20 minutes after which 100 μL of water is added to the wells of the plate before centrifugation to pellet precipitated proteins. Supernatants are transferred to another 96-well plate and analyzed for amounts of parent remaining by LC-MS/MS using an Applied Bio-systems API 4000 mass spectrometer. The same procedure is followed for the non-deuterated counterpart of the compound of Formula I or Formula II and the positive control, 7-ethoxycoumarin (1 μM). Testing is done in triplicate.

Data Analysis:

The in vitro tins for test compounds are calculated from the slopes of the linear regression of % parent remaining (ln) vs incubation time relationship.

in vitro t _(1/2)=0.693/k

k=−[slope of linear regression of % parent remaining (ln) vs incubation time]

Data analysis is performed using Microsoft Excel Software.

Without further description, it is believed that one of ordinary skill in the art can, using the preceding description and the illustrative examples, make and utilize the compounds of the present invention and practice the claimed methods. It should be understood that the foregoing discussion and examples merely present a detailed description of certain preferred embodiments. It will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that various modifications and equivalents can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. 

1. A compound of Formula I:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: each of R¹, R² and R³ is independently selected from CH₃, CH₂D, CHD₂ and CD₃; each Y¹ is the same and is hydrogen or deuterium; each Y² is the same and is hydrogen or deuterium; each Y³ is the same and is hydrogen or deuterium; each Y⁴ is the same and is hydrogen or deuterium; each Y⁵ is the same and is hydrogen or deuterium; each Y⁶ is the same and is hydrogen or deuterium; each Y⁷ is the same and is hydrogen or deuterium; each Y⁸ is the same and is hydrogen or deuterium; each Y⁹ is the same and is hydrogen or deuterium; and each Y¹⁰ is the same and is hydrogen or deuterium; provided that if each Y¹ is hydrogen; each Y² is hydrogen; each Y³ is hydrogen; each Y⁴ is hydrogen; each Y⁵ is hydrogen; each Y⁶ is hydrogen; each Y⁷ is hydrogen; each Y⁸ is hydrogen; each Y⁹ is hydrogen; each Y¹⁰ is hydrogen; R² is CH₃; and R³ is CH₃; then R¹ is CH₂D or CHD₂.
 2. The compound of claim 1, wherein each of R¹, R³ and R² is independently selected from CH₃ and CD₃.
 3. The compound of claim 1, wherein each Y¹⁰ is deuterium.
 4. The compound of claim 1, wherein each Y¹⁰ is hydrogen.
 5. The compound of claim 1, wherein each Y⁹ is hydrogen.
 6. The compound of claim 1, wherein each Y⁹ is deuterium.
 7. The compound of claim 1, wherein each Y⁸ is hydrogen.
 8. The compound of claim 1, wherein each Y⁸ is deuterium.
 9. The compound of claim 1, wherein R¹ is CH₃.
 10. The compound of claim 1, wherein R¹ is CD₃.
 11. The compound of claim 1, wherein R² is CH₃.
 12. The compound of claim 1, wherein R² is CD₃.
 13. The compound of claim 1, wherein R³ is CH₃.
 14. The compound of claim 1, wherein R³ is CD₃.
 15. The compound of claim 1, wherein each Y¹ is deuterium; each Y² is deuterium; each Y³ is deuterium; each Y⁴ is deuterium; each Y⁵ is deuterium; each Y⁶ is deuterium; each Y⁷ is deuterium; each Y⁸ is deuterium; each Y⁹ is deuterium; and each Y¹⁰ is deuterium.
 16. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of the compounds (Cmpd) set forth in the table below, wherein each Y¹ is hydrogen; each Y² is hydrogen; each Y³ is hydrogen; each Y⁴ is hydrogen; each Y⁵ is hydrogen; each Y⁶ is hydrogen; each Y⁷ is hydrogen; and R³ is CH₃: TABLE Exemplary Embodiments of Formula I Cmpd No. R¹ R² each Y¹⁰ each Y⁹ each Y⁸ 101 CH₃ CH₃ H H D 102 CH₃ CH₃ H D H 103 CH₃ CH₃ H D D 104 CH₃ CH₃ D H H 105 CH₃ CH₃ D H D 106 CH₃ CH₃ D D H 107 CH₃ CH₃ D D D 108 CH₃ CD₃ H H H 109 CH₃ CD₃ H H D 110 CH₃ CD₃ H D H 111 CH₃ CD₃ H D D 112 CH₃ CD₃ D H H 113 CH₃ CD₃ D H D 114 CH₃ CD₃ D D H 115 CH₃ CD₃ D D D 117 CD₃ CH₃ H H D 118 CD₃ CH₃ H D H 119 CD₃ CH₃ H D D 120 CD₃ CH₃ D H H 121 CD₃ CH₃ D H D 122 CD₃ CH₃ D D H 123 CD₃ CH₃ D D D 124 CD₃ CD₃ H H H 125 CD₃ CD₃ H H D 126 CD₃ CD₃ H D H 127 CD₃ CD₃ H D D 128 CD₃ CD₃ D H H 129 CD₃ CD₃ D H D 130 CD₃ CD₃ D D H 131 CD₃ CD₃ D D D

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein any atom not designated as deuterium is present at its natural isotopic abundance.
 17. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of the compounds (Cmpd) set forth in the table below, wherein each Y¹ is hydrogen; each Y² is hydrogen; each Y³ is hydrogen; each Y⁴ is hydrogen; each Y⁵ is hydrogen; each Y⁶ is hydrogen; each Y⁷ is hydrogen; and R³ is CD₃: Cmpd No. R¹ R² each Y¹⁰ each Y⁹ each Y⁸ 200 CH₃ CH₃ H H H 201 CH₃ CH₃ H H D 202 CH₃ CH₃ H D H 203 CH₃ CH₃ H D D 204 CH₃ CH₃ D H H 205 CH₃ CH₃ D H D 206 CH₃ CH₃ D D H 207 CH₃ CH₃ D D D 208 CH₃ CD₃ H H H 209 CH₃ CD₃ H H D 210 CH₃ CD₃ H D H 211 CH₃ CD₃ H D D 212 CH₃ CD₃ D H H 213 CH₃ CD₃ D H D 214 CH₃ CD₃ D D H 215 CH₃ CD₃ D D D 216 CD₃ CH₃ H H H 217 CD₃ CH₃ H H D 218 CD₃ CH₃ H D H 219 CD₃ CH₃ H D D 220 CD₃ CH₃ D H H 221 CD₃ CH₃ D H D 222 CD₃ CH₃ D D H 223 CD₃ CH₃ D D D 224 CD₃ CD₃ H H H 225 CD₃ CD₃ H H D 226 CD₃ CD₃ H D H 227 CD₃ CD₃ H D D 228 CD₃ CD₃ D H H 229 CD₃ CD₃ D H D 230 CD₃ CD₃ D D H 231 CD₃ CD₃ D D D

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein any atom not designated as deuterium is present at its natural isotopic abundance.
 18. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of the compounds (Cmpd) set forth in the table below, wherein each Y¹ is deuterium; each Y² is deuterium; each Y³ is deuterium; each Y⁴ is deuterium; each Y⁵ is deuterium; each Y⁶ is deuterium; each Y⁷ is deuterium; each Y⁸ is deuterium; each Y⁹ is deuterium; and each Y¹⁰ is deuterium: Cmpd No. R¹ R² R² 300 CH₃ CH₃ CH₃ 301 CH₃ CH₃ CD₃ 302 CH₃ CD₃ CH₃ 303 CH₃ CD₃ CD₃ 304 CD₃ CH₃ CH₃ 305 CD₃ CH₃ CD₃ 306 CD₃ CD₃ CH₃ 307 CD₃ CD₃ CD₃

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein any atom not designated as deuterium is present at its natural isotopic abundance.
 19. The compound of claim 1, wherein any atom not designated as deuterium is present at its natural isotopic abundance.
 20. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound of claim 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 21. A method of reducing oxidative toxicity in mitochondria, comprising contacting mitochondria with a compound of claim
 1. 22. A method of treating a condition that is Duchenne's muscular dystrophy or multiple sclerosis, comprising administering to a subject in need of such treatment a compound of claim
 1. 23. The method of claim 22, wherein the condition is primary progressive multiple sclerosis. 